A saved combination of font, size, weight, spacing, and color settings that can be applied consistently to text elements. Text styles ensure typographic consistency and make global updates efficient—change the style, update all instances. Build a systematic hierarchy with styles for headings, body, captions, and other text types.

The adjustment of space between individual letter pairs to achieve visually balanced text, particularly important in headlines and logos. Poor kerning creates awkward gaps or collisions that undermine professional appearance. Pay special attention to problematic pairs like AV, To, and We where mechanical spacing looks wrong.

The vertical spacing between lines of text, measured from baseline to baseline and also known as line-height in CSS. Proper leading improves readability—too tight feels cramped while too loose breaks visual connection between lines. Generally, set leading between 1.4 and 1.6 times the font size for body text.

The height of lowercase letters in a typeface, measured using the letter ‘x’, affecting perceived size and readability. Fonts with larger x-heights appear larger and more readable at small sizes. Consider x-height when selecting fonts for body text.

A Descender is a typographic stroke extending below the baseline in letters such as g, p, and y, affecting line spacing and readability.

Justified text alignment stretches line spacing so text aligns on both margins, improving visual structure but requiring careful spacing control.

Points are a standard unit in typography for sizing text and related spacing, where 1 point equals 1/72 of an inch.

Readability describes how comfortably users can consume written content, influenced by typography, line length, spacing, and visual contrast.